平毛巡回猎犬(Flat-Coated Retriever)AKC标准及介绍
原产英国。起源于 19世纪。虽然是英国犬，却是由拉布拉多犬和纽芬兰犬两个美洲品种培育而来。
先天特性对一个饲养员评价一品种犬所表现出的重要性与这个犬种其他方面的标准相比没有什么两样。顺毛寻猎犬主要是一种家庭伴侣型猎犬。它在射击的范围内表现出敏捷、跃跃欲试和动作突然的特性以及无论在陆地还是在水中都表现出一个决意、机敏的捕猎能手。它对捕捉猎物表现出极大的渴望。自信和一种神秘的能力使它能适应不同的环境、能猎捕各种不同的陆上猎物和水禽。
作为一种家庭伴侣犬，它敏感、机警和聪慧，并且富有充满情感。它能保持这些特性和年轻愉快的外貌一直到老。有缺陷的顺毛寻猎犬通常表现出过分惊慌而不时吠叫，但一个性情好、乐观的犬，基本上倾向于对所有的人都表现出友好的态度。
平毛寻猎犬是一个快乐、忠诚的伙伴，它需要和羡慕作为一名家庭成员与人们生活在一起。为了努力达到这个心愿，它确实具有一个强烈的个人向往和一种令人喜欢的自我照顾能力。
一、 [简介]
平毛巡回犬是一种多用途犬，可以成为家庭伴侣犬、猎犬、寻回犬，他是一种快乐、活泼的狗，表情聪明，线条整洁。平毛寻回犬必须象传统中所描述的那样： "有力而不笨重，活泼但不瘦弱"。平毛巡回犬与众不同的、非常重要的特征是他的侧面轮廓（不论在运动中，还是站立着），平滑、轻松的动作，头部类型，被毛和特征，使平毛寻回犬的侧面轮廓都显示出长、结实、整洁、及"片状"的头部，这些都是该品种独特的特征。没有夸张的止部和面颊，头部位置恰当，安放在中等长度的颈部上面，颈部平滑地融入向后倾斜的肩胛。背线水平，胸腔（肋骨）深，且长，向后延伸，逐渐变细，并轻微上提，构成一个钝的三角形。胸骨非常清晰，前胸明显突出，这种有效的寻回犬非常和谐，结实，但文雅，不能象矮脚马的样子，褪太短或四肢细长。被毛浓厚，且平躺着，褪部和尾巴有羽状饰毛。自豪的，反映敏捷的姿势，波浪状的尾巴，整体感觉非常有力，品质，风格，及匀称构成了典型的平毛寻回犬的形象。
评判平毛寻回犬是，在放松牵引状态下的动作，自然站立时的姿态，比摆出来的姿势更重要。伤疤是光荣的象征，不作为缺陷处理。
二、 [体型]
尺寸：肩高误差（理想的肩高范围）超过 1英寸的个体，就不能作为典型的，作为工作用途的平毛寻回犬。雄性理想的肩高范围约在23~24.5英寸；雌性理想的肩高范围约在22~23.5英寸。由于平毛寻回犬是作为一种在艰苦环境下工作的、寻回猎犬，所以应该显得精干、没有多余的体重。
比例：平毛寻回犬的身体构造不能象矮脚马的样子。身体的长度（从肩关节到大腿突出位置的距离）略微大于肩高。雌性的体长略长一些更好，以便孕育幼犬。
体质：适中。骨量中等，骨骼扁平或呈卵形，而不是圆形；结实但不笨重，粗糙，虚弱或纤细。这一点适用于所有性别。
三、 [头部]
长，整洁，形状良好的头部应该拥有足够的尺寸和力量，可以轻松地叼回大个头的野鸡、野鸭、野兔等。脑袋和口吻：脑袋和口吻给人的印象是 "铸造成一整块"，是由相当平坦的、中等宽度的脑袋，平坦、整洁的面颊，结合了长、结实、深的口吻（在眼睛下面、眼睛之间、眼睛后面都很丰满）所组成的。从上面观察，口吻的长度和宽度与脑袋一致。止部：逐渐过度的、轻微的、勉强可以察觉的止部，决不能向下或形成盘子脸。眉毛轻微突起，非常灵活，产生丰富的表情。必须在轮廓中正确评估止部，而不能受到突起的眉毛的影响。后枕骨不明显，脑袋应该形成一条优雅的曲线，与颈部接合。表情：警惕、聪明而友善。眼睛：位置分的较开，中等大小，杏仁形，深褐色或榛色，不能太大、圆或黄色。眼圈为相同的颜色，紧绷。耳朵：相对较小，位置恰当，悬挂着，贴近头部，有厚厚的羽状饰毛。位置不能太低（象猎犬或雪达犬）。鼻镜：大，鼻孔张开。黑色狗的鼻镜为黑色，肝色狗的鼻镜为褐色。嘴唇：相当紧，稳固、整洁而干燥，有极少量的羽状饰毛。颌部：长而有力，有能力叼回野兔或野鸡。咬和：剪状咬和为首选，钳状咬和也可以接受。牙齿折断不算缺陷。严重缺陷：扭曲的牙齿、上颚突出式咬和或下颚突出式咬和有明显的间隙属于严重缺陷。
四、 [颈部、背线、身躯]
颈部：结实而略微圆拱，拥有寻回犬所需要的力量。考虑到需要能轻松地寻找痕迹，所以颈部长度适中。没有赘肉。颈部的被毛不能修剪。背线：结实而水平。身躯：胸部（胸底）深，延伸到肘部，宽度适中。前胸，向前突出，且非常明显。肋骨深，从前胸到最后一节肋骨有足够的长度（给予内部器官以足够的空间），宽度适中。前段肋骨相对平坦，向后逐渐撑起，身体中心位置圆拱，但靠近腰部的位置则细一些。下腹曲线：深，胸底窄，适度上提。腰部：结实，肌肉发达，有足够的长度，同时也考虑到灵活性、动作的舒展性、及足够长的步幅，但决不能软弱或连接松弛。臀部，非常轻微的倾斜，宽度适中且肌肉发达。尾巴：相当直，位置恰当，尾骨大约能延伸到飞节处。当他运动时，尾巴欢快地举起，但不能卷曲，而是象背线的平滑延伸，决不能高过后背。
五、 [前躯]
肩胛：长，向后倾斜，肩胛骨与上臂骨的长度大致相等，可以允许最大程度的伸展。肌肉组织细长而不是粗大。肘部：整洁，贴近身体，向后，位于马肩隆下方。前肢：直而结实，骨量中等但质地很好。骹骨：结实，且略微倾斜。狼爪：切除与否可选。足爪：卵形或圆形。中等大小，脚趾圆拱而紧凑，脚垫厚实。
六、 [后躯]
后躯有力，角度与前躯相称。第一节大腿：有力而肌肉发达。膝关节：膝关节能围绕健康、结实的关节良好旋转。第二节大腿（从膝关节到飞节）：第二节大腿或下半部分大腿的长度略大于第一节大腿。飞节：飞节结实，位置低。狼爪：无后肢狼爪。足爪：卵形或圆形。中等大小，脚趾圆拱而紧凑，脚垫厚实。
七、 [被毛]
被毛长度、密度适中，适度丰满，非常有光泽。理想的被毛是直而平躺着的。略呈波浪状的被毛是允许的，但被毛决不能卷曲、羊毛状、短、丝状或蓬松。由于平毛寻回犬是一种工作用途的寻回犬，其被毛必须能在各种气候条件下、水中或不同植物覆盖的陆地上都能起到保护作用。这样就要求被毛有足够的密度、长度、丰满程度，从而能够充分保温。在毛发丰厚的部位，如耳朵、前面、前肢后面、大腿和尾巴下面，有浓厚的羽状饰毛，而不能浓密、粘连、或丝状。鬃毛或长而厚重的毛发覆盖在颈部，并延伸到整个马肩隆和肩胛是正确的，尤其是雄性更明显，使得颈部看起来显得粗，而马肩隆显得高，有时会导致马肩隆后面显得塌陷。由于平毛寻回犬是一种用于工作得寻回犬，所以羽状饰毛不宜过长。修剪：平毛寻回犬应该以尽可能自然得被毛参加比赛，只要被毛是整洁且密度合适得，就决不能因为被毛未曾修剪而受到惩罚。修整耳朵、足爪、下腹线和尾巴尖的毛发是允许的。胡须具有特殊功能，未修剪的胡须为首选。刨除或修剪头部、颈部、身躯的被毛属于严重缺陷。
八、 [颜色]
纯黑色或纯肝色。失格：黄色、奶酪色或其他非肝色和黑色的颜色。
九、 [步态]
正确、有效的动作是评判寻回猎犬的重要指标。从侧面观察，平毛寻回犬的步态是步伐有效、动作平稳，流畅且协调，决不起伏不定、做作或笨拙。前后肢能充分向前伸展和向后蹬，步幅长且整洁。背线保持水平，他在运动重显得结实而柔韧。
十、 [概括]
平毛寻回犬是一种结实但很优雅的、欢快的寻回猎犬。整体结构是所有部分都很平衡而协调，不论是站立时还是在运动中都是如此，这一点非常重要。所以，品种的天性、结构、条件和态度全都显示出适合艰苦的工作。
十一、 [气质]
特质是平毛寻回犬突出而根本价值所在。他是一种反应积极的、热爱家庭成员的、多用途的工作犬，多才多艺，聪明、欢快、且容易训练。在竞赛中，平毛寻回犬显得稳定、容易满足而自信、欢快、喜欢外出。摆动的尾巴显示出他的特质。神经质、过度亢奋、冷漠、羞怯、固执的行为不合需要。严重缺陷：无缘无故地对人或其他动物表现出好斗的倾向，属于严重缺陷。
十二、 [特征]
对繁殖者来说，特质是评价犬只血统最重要的特征，与品种标准中描述的外观特征一样重要。平毛寻回犬首先是一种家庭伴侣型的寻回猎犬。他敏锐，射击后，向鸟一样冲出去，同时非常坚决，聪明地在陆地上或水中找回猎物。他非常渴望外出狩猎，非常自信，且具有奇异的适应能力，能够在丘陵地区狩猎，也能够猎取水鸟。
作为一个家庭伴侣，他机灵、警惕、非常聪明，是一个快乐、友爱而可调教的伙伴。从年轻时开始，他就保持这些特征，并以幽默的态度面对生活，直到老年。成年的平毛寻回犬可以胜任一个警报犬的工作，必要时发出警报，但仍然是一个性情温顺、乐观的狗，基本上倾向于对所有事物都很友善。平毛寻回犬是一个愉快的、友善的伴侣，需要得到共同生活的家庭成员赏识，和相互交流。如果尽量发挥其潜力，他必定会成为坚定的个人伙伴，并现出全部爱心。
十二、 [失格]
黄色、奶酪色或其他任何黑色和肝色以外的颜色。
标准通过日期： 1990年 9月11日
标准执行日期：1990年10月30日
General Appearance
The Flat-Coated Retriever is a versatile family companion hunting retriever with a happy and active demeanor, intelligent expression, and clean lines. The Flat-Coat has been traditionally described as showing "power without lumber and raciness without weediness."
The distinctive and most important features of the Flat-Coat are the silhouette (both moving and standing), smooth effortless movement, head type, coat and character. In silhouette the Flat-Coat has a long, strong, clean, "one piece" head, which is unique to the breed. Free from exaggeration of stop or cheek, the head is set well into a moderately long neck which flows smoothly into well laid back shoulders. A level topline combined with a deep, long rib cage tapering to a moderate tuck-up create the impression of a blunted triangle. The brisket is well developed and the forechest forms a prominent prow. This utilitarian retriever is well balanced, strong, but elegant; never cobby, short legged or rangy. The coat is thick and flat lying, and the legs and tail are well feathered. A proud carriage, responsive attitude, waving tail and overall look of functional strength, quality, style and symmetry complete the picture of the typical Flat-Coat.
Judging the Flat-Coat moving freely on a loose lead and standing naturally is more important than judging him posed. Honorable scars should not count against the dog.
Size, Proportion, Substance
Size--Individuals varying more than an inch either way from the preferred height should be considered not practical for the types of work for which the Flat-Coat was developed. Preferred height is 23 to 24½; inches at the withers for dogs, 22 to 23½ inches for bitches. Since the Flat-Coat is a working hunting retriever he should be shown in lean, hard condition, free of excess weight.
Proportion--The Flat-Coat is not cobby in build. The length of the body from the point of the shoulder to the rearmost projection of the upper thigh is slightly more than the height at the withers. The female may be slightly longer to better accommodate the carrying of puppies. Substance-- Moderate. Medium bone is flat or oval rather than round; strong but never massive, coarse, weedy or fine. This applies throughout the dog.
Head
The long, clean, well molded head is adequate in size and strength to retrieve a large pheasant, duck or hare with ease. Skull and Muzzle--The impression of the skull and muzzle being "cast in one piece" is created by the fairly flat skull of moderate breadth and flat, clean cheeks, combined with the long, strong, deep muzzle which is well filled in before, between and beneath the eyes. Viewed from above, the muzzle is nearly equal in length and breadth to the skull. Stop--There is a gradual, slight, barely perceptible stop, avoiding a down or dish-faced appearance. Brows are slightly raised and mobile, giving life to the expression. Stop must be evaluated in profile so that it will not be confused with the raised brow. Occiput not accentuated, the skull forming a gentle curve where it fits well into the neck. Expression alert, intelligent and kind. Eyes are set widely apart. Medium sized, almond shaped, dark brown or hazel; not large, round or yellow. Eye rims are self-colored and tight. Ears relatively small, well set on, lying close to the side of the head and thickly feathered. Not low set (houndlike or setterish). Nose--Large open nostrils. Black on black dogs, brown on liver dogs. Lips fairly tight, firm, clean and dry to minimize the retention of feathers. Jaws long and strong, capable of carrying a hare or a pheasant. Bite-- Scissors bite preferred, level bite acceptable. Broken teeth should not count against the dog. Severe Faults Wry and undershot or overshot bites with a noticeable gap must be severely penalized.
Neck, Topline, Body
Neck strong and slightly arched for retrieving strength. Moderately long to allow for easy seeking of the trail. Free from throatiness. Coat on neck is untrimmed. Topline strong and level. Body--Chest (Brisket)--Deep, reaching to the elbow and only moderately broad. Forechest--Prow prominent and well developed. Rib cage deep, showing good length from forechest to last rib (to allow ample space for all body organs), and only moderately broad. The foreribs fairly flat showing a gradual spring, well arched in the center of the body but rather lighter towards the loin. Underline--Deep chest tapering to a moderate tuck-up. Loin strong, well muscled and long enough to allow for agility, freedom of movement and length of stride, but never weak or loosely coupled. Croup slopes very slightly; rump moderately broad and well muscled. Tail fairly straight, well set on, with bone reaching approximately to the hock joint. When the dog is in motion, the tail is carried happily but without curl as a smooth extension of the topline, never much above the level of the back.
Forequarters
Shoulders long, well laid back shoulder blade with upper arm of approximately equal length to allow for efficient reach. Musculature wiry rather than bulky. Elbows clean, close to the body and set well back under the withers. Forelegs straight and strong with medium bone of good quality. Pasterns slightly sloping and strong. Dewclaws--Removal of dewclaws is optional. Feet oval or round. Medium sized and tight with well arched toes and thick pads.
Hindquarters
Powerful with angulation in balance with the front assembly. Upper thighs powerful and well muscled. Stifle--Good turn of stifle with sound, strong joint. Second thighs (Stifle to hock joint)--Second or lower thigh as long as or only slightly longer than upper thight. Hock--Hock joint strong, well let down. Dewclaws There are no hind dewclaws. Feet oval or round. Medium sized and tight with well arched toes and thick pads.
Coat
Coat is of moderate length density and fullness, with a high lustre. The ideal coat is straight and flat lying. A slight waviness is permissible but the coat is not curly, wooly, short, silky or fluffy. The Flat-Coat is a working retriever and the coat must provide protection from all types of weather, water and ground cover. This requires a coat of sufficient texture, length and fullness to allow for adequate insulation. When the dog is in full coat the ears, front, chest, back of forelegs, thighs and underside of tail are thickly feathered without being bushy, stringy or silky. Mane of longer heavier coat on the neck extending over the withers and shoulders is considered typical, especially in the male dog, and can cause the neck to appear thicker and the withers higher, sometimes causing the appearance of a dip behind the withers. Since the Flat-Coat is a hunting retriever, the feathering is not excessively long. Trimming --The Flat-Coat is shown with as natural a coat as possible and must not be penalized for lack of trimming, as long as the coat is clean and well brushed. Tidying of ears, feet, underline and tip of tail is acceptable. Whiskers serve a specific function and it is preferred that they not be trimmed. Shaving or barbering of the head, neck or body coat must be severely penalized.
Color
Solid black or solid liver. Disqualification-- Yellow, cream or any color other than black or liver.
Gait
Sound, efficient movement is of critical importance to a hunting retriever. The Flat-Coat viewed from the side covers ground efficiently and movement appears balanced, free flowing and well coordinated, never choppy, mincing or ponderous. Front and rear legs reach well forward and extend well back, achieving long clean strides. Topline appears level, strong and supple while dog is in motion.
Summary
The Flat-Coat is a strong but elegant, cheerful hunting retriever. Quality of structure, balance and harmony of all parts both standing and in motion are essential. As a breed whose purpose is of a utilitarian nature, structure, condition and attitude should give every indication of being suited for hard work.
Temperament
Character is a primary and outstanding asset of the Flat-Coat. He is a responsive, loving member of the family, a versatile working dog, multi-talented, sensible, bright and tractable. In competition the Flat-Coat demonstrates stability and a desire to please with a confident, happy and outgoing attitude characterized by a wagging tail. Nervous, hyperactive, apathetic, shy or obstinate behavior is undesirable. Severe Fault--Unprovoked aggressive behavior toward people or animals is totally unacceptable.
Character
Character is as important to the evaluation of stock by a potential breeder as any other aspect of the breed standard. The Flat-Coat is primarily a family companion hunting retriever. He is keen and birdy, flushing within gun range, as well as a determined, resourceful retriever on land and water. He has a great desire to hunt with self-reliance and an uncanny ability to adapt to changing circumstances on a variety of upland game and waterfowl.
As a family companion he is sensible, alert and highly intelligent; a lighthearted, affectionate and adaptable friend. He retains these qualities as well as his youthfully good-humored outlook on life into old age. The adult Flat-Coat is usually an adequate alarm dog to give warning, but is a good-natured, optimistic dog, basically inclined to be friendly to all.
The Flat-Coat is a cheerful, devoted companion who requires and appreciates living with and interacting as a member of his family. To reach full potential in any endeavor he absolutely must have a strong personal bond and affectionate individual attention.
Disqualification
Yellow, cream or any color other than black or liver.
Approved September 11, 1990
Effective October 30, 1990
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