拉布拉多猎犬(Labrador Retriever)AKC标准及简介
拉布拉多猎犬并不像它的名字那样来自拉布拉多地区，而是来自纽芬兰，虽然它并没有表示出它后来到达的地方，但是在1822年该地区的一个旅行者报道了一定数目的“小水犬”，报道中说：“这些犬作为猎犬受过极好的训练，用于搜捕野禽，除此之外还有其他用途。这种平毛或短毛犬得到人们的普遍喜欢，是因为在严寒的天气，当长毛犬种从水中出来时，浑身会结满冰。”
早在19世纪，Malmesbury伯爵普遍了解了被渔民带到英国的该种犬并直接安排进口了一些这样的犬。1830年著名的英国运动员 Colonel Hawker查看了普通的纽芬兰犬和St.John种的水犬，对前者作了这样的描述：“体格大，肢体强健，毛发硬，尾巴高抬。”他所描述的就是现在的拉布拉多犬。他评价说：“到目前为止，这种犬是所有不同种猎犬中最好的一种，它一般是黑色，不比指示猎犬大，四肢较细，短而平的毛发以及尾巴不像其他犬种有卷曲，奔跑、游水非常迅速，好斗，嗅觉非常灵敏。”
在英国，这种犬作为拉布拉多犬最初一般不为人知。事实上，这个名字来源出现在Malmesbury伯爵缩写的一封信中，他说：“我总是叫我的犬为拉布拉多犬，从一开始我就注意做好这一犬种的保存工作，这种犬最初是来自Poole，在那个时期，与纽芬兰进行活跃的商贸往来。这一犬种可能因为它紧密的、从水中出来时像涂了油的被毛和一头似水獭的尾巴而闻名。”
在纽芬兰因为沉重的犬税，拉布拉多犬逐渐消失。根据英国的限制法，这沉重的犬税实际上停止了向英国进口犬。此后，许多拉布拉多犬和其他种类的猎犬互相交配繁殖，但幸运的是拉布拉多犬的独有特性占优势。最后，育种者希望停止这种相互的交配繁殖，制定出一个标准，以便阻止这种犬与其他猎犬杂交。
Bucdleuch公爵的拉布拉多犬有一本血统书，这本书使查出繁殖现代拉布拉多犬的两头犬的出身成为可能。这两头犬是A.C.Butter先生的“Peter of Faskally犬”和Portal少校的“Flapper犬”，这一世系可追溯到1878年。
拉布拉多猎犬作为一单独的犬种是在1903年首先由英国养犬俱乐部承认的。第一个被美国养犬俱乐部注册登记的拉布拉多犬是在1917年的“Brocklehirst Nell犬”——一头从苏格兰进口的母犬。从1920年末到1930年，随着英国犬的大量涌进（包括苏格兰猎犬训练者），在这个国家形成了该犬种的优势。
在英国，没有拉布拉多犬能成为一个展示比赛的冠军，因为它没有参赛资格，除非它有工作执照能明确证明它在这一领域也有资格。在美国，拉布拉多犬成为主要的受训犬和猎犬，因为这种具有良好的外貌和风格的猎犬以及真实的血统类型的双重概念，早已被建立起来。1930开始，狩猎和育种者们于1931年成立了拉布拉多猎犬俱乐部，同时在展示比赛中展示他们繁育的犬并取得了明显的成功。
拉布拉多猎犬的能力、良好的性情和可靠性，已经奠定了作为主要犬种之一的地位，并被广泛应用为导盲犬、搜索犬和营救犬等。
拉布拉多猎犬AKC品种标准
拉布拉多猎犬整体外貌
拉布拉多猎犬体格强健，中等大小，短躯干，是功能全面的猎犬；良好的骨骼和健康的身体使它在困难的环境中能长时间进行狩猎水禽或陆上猎物的活动；具有的特性和品质使它们能在展示比赛中获胜；良好的性情适合成为家庭伴侣犬；身体特征和精神品质使这一犬种适合成为一种高效率的猎犬；它稳定的性情适合在各种狩猎环境中对各种猎物的搜捕。
拉布拉多猎犬最明显的特征是：短、致密、防水的被毛；一个水獭似的尾巴；一个轮廓鲜明的后头骨；额段宽阔适中的头部；强健的领部和友好、善意的眼睛。
总之，拉布拉多猎犬具有良好的协调性，使它能在展示比赛中充分表现自己，使它不费力地适应自己的工作领域。典型的拉布拉多猎犬拥有文雅的风度和品质以及无笨重感的骨骼组织。拉布拉多犬主要作为一种实用性猎犬被培育繁殖，所以其机体结构和健康状况是非常重要的。
拉布拉多猎犬的大小，比例和结构
大小——对一头公犬来说，体高一般为57.2 ~ 62.2厘米；母犬一般为54.6 ~ 59.7厘米。凡是高于或低于这一范围1.3厘米的犬都是不符合标准的。在工作条件下，公犬和母犬的近似重量为：公犬为29.48 ~ 36.29千克；母犬为24.95 ~ 31.75千克。最低限度的体高范围不适用于小于12个月龄的公犬或母犬。
比例——短躯干；体长（从肩部最高点到臀部最后点之间距离）等于或稍长于它的身高（肩胛上缘到地面的垂直距离），从肘部到地面的垂直距离等于1 / 2身高，胸部一般延展到肘部，但不太深。躯干必须有足够的长度，允许有一个直的、流畅的和充分的大步伐。但这种犬一般不表现出过低和过长的体形。
结构——骨骼与整个犬体都是相称的。偏轻、显得瘦弱的犬是明显不符合要求的。同样，笨重的体形是令人不喜欢的。拉布拉多猎犬在工作条件下表现的应是肌肉发达和不过于肥胖。
拉布拉多猎犬的头部
头骨——宽阔、发育良好，但不过大。头骨和前脸在一个水平面并且近似等长。额段适中，额头稍明显，以便头骨和鼻子不会绝对在一平面上。头部轮廓明显，面颊无多肉，口鼻部似凿过，但面颊不突出。头骨显示出一中线。对于一头成犬，其枕骨部不明显。
嘴唇——不呈方形或下垂，但朝颈部方向形成曲线。一个楔子形的头部或者头部在口鼻部长而窄。后头骨大而重是不符合要求的，颌部强健有力非剪刀形。
口鼻部——长短、宽窄适中。
鼻部——鼻子宽大，鼻孔发育良好。对于黑色或黄色犬来说，鼻子应是黑色的；而对于巧克力色的犬来说，鼻子应是褐色的。鼻子颜色渐褪成一个浅颜色并不是缺陷，一个完全粉色的鼻子或缺乏色素沉积的鼻子是不符合标准的。
牙齿——牙齿应强健、规则，呈剪式咬合。下牙齿接触上门牙内侧。一个水平式咬合是可以接受的，但是不理想。“地包天”、“天包地”或牙齿不成一线都是严重的缺陷。
耳朵——紧贴头部垂挂，较向后，稍低于头骨。位置略高于眼水平线上。双耳不大不重，但与头骨成比例，当向前拉时，能到达眼部。
眼睛——和善、本好的眼睛传达出良好的性情、聪明和机警，这是该犬种的一个特征。眼睛中等大小，适合分开，既不向外突出，也不向内深陷。对于黑色和黄色拉布拉多犬来说，眼睛是褐色；对于巧克力色的犬来说，呈褐色或淡褐色。黑色或黄色的眼睛给人一种严厉的表情，是不符合要求的。眼睛小、两眼之间的距离较近或圆形明显的眼睛，都不是典型的犬种。眼边缘对黑色或黄色拉布拉多犬是黑颜色；对巧克力色犬是褐色，无色素沉积的眼边缘是不符合标准的。
拉布拉多猎犬的颈部，背中线和躯干
颈部——适当的长度允许犬较轻易地搜捕猎物，肌肉发达，颈前部活动灵活。颈部从双肩强劲升起，呈一适合的拱形。一个短而粗的脖颈或一个母羊式的脖颈是一种缺陷。
背中线——背部强壮，无论犬是站立不动，还是运动，背中线从双肩隆起处到臀部是水平的。但是，腰部显示出了适应运动的灵活性。
躯干——拉布拉多犬躯干短，富有弹性的肋骨逐渐变细形成适合宽度的胸部。拉布拉多犬的胸部没有一个宽阔的延展，像斗牛犬的胸部，但不是窄胸，以至于在两前肢之间给人一种凹陷的外观。适合的胸部构造是在前肢之间逐渐变尖，以充分允许前肢的活动。不适合犬高效率的运动和持久性的胸宽是一种缺陷。厚板样胸部的拉布拉多犬不是典型的犬种。同样，圆状或桶状的胸部是不受欢迎的。下腹中线几乎是直的，成年犬有少许或无褶皱。
腰部——短宽而健壮，延伸到发育良好、强有力的后躯。当从旁边观察时，拉布拉多犬显示出良好的发育，但无过大的前胸。
尾部——拉布拉多犬的尾巴是这一种犬区别其他犬种的一个特征。它的根部非常粗，朝着尖端逐渐变细，中等长度，伸展不超过跗关节。整个尾部被覆短而致密的被毛，形成特有的、似水獭的圆形外貌，无论静止或是运动，尾巴始终沿与背中线保持直线，直立，但从不弯过背部。短尾或是细长的尾巴都是严重的缺陷。靠给尾部一个从头到尾尖的一个线形摆动力量来平衡犬体。剪短或是用别的方法改变尾巴长度或天生就有不适合的尾巴都是不符合标准的。
拉布拉多猎犬的前躯
肌肉发达与后躯形成完好的协调性和平衡性。
肩部—— 双肩长且适当后倾，与上肢形成一个近似90°角，允许犬以一个容易的方式移动它的前肢，坚定地迈向前方。肩胛骨的长度等于上肢的长度，以形成完美的结构。垂直的肩胛骨、短上肢、不灵活的肌肉或负重的双肩等所有妨碍自由活动的状态都是一种缺陷。
前肢——当从前面观察时，两肢因发育良好的强壮骨骼而呈垂直状态。太粗的骨骼与太细的骨骼都是不受欢迎的。短腿、重骨的拉布拉多犬都不是典型的犬种。从旁边观察，肘部正好在肩胛上缘之下，从而使前肢与地面成直角。肘部紧贴肋骨，无缝隙。肘部朝外或朝内而影响犬的自由活动都是严重的缺陷。
系部——短而强健，稍倾斜于腿部的垂直线。
脚部——强健而紧凑，脚趾适当拱起并具有发育良好的肉垫。狼爪可以被去掉。脚部张开或呈野兔脚、趾节过长或脚部朝内或朝外都将是严重的缺陷。
拉布拉多猎犬的后躯
拉布拉多猎犬的后躯宽阔、肌肉发达，从臀部到跗关节发育良好。适合转向的膝关节和短而强健的关节。从后部观察，后肢垂直地面并相互平行。后肢骨骼强健，肌肉发达，在膝关节处形成恰当的角度。大腿部强壮有力，轮廓分明。当运动或站立时，膝盖骨不倾斜。强健的跗关节适当向下，无论是运动还是站立都不倾斜或过于伸展。膝关节和跗关节的角度是为了达到最理想的伸展和收缩平衡。当站立时，后脚趾稍处于臀部后点之后。具有倾斜背中线的，不是典型的犬种。
脚部——强健紧凑，脚趾适当拱起，肉垫发育良好。母牛似的、展开的、镰刀似的和角度过大的附关节都是严重的结构缺陷，是不符合要求的。
拉布拉多猎犬的被毛
被毛是拉布拉多猎犬的一个重要特征。它短而直并且非常致密，手感粗硬。拉布拉多猎犬具有柔软、抵抗恶劣天气的下层被毛，这层被毛可以防水、防冷和抵挡地面各种类型的荆棘等破坏物。背部有轻微波纹的向下被毛是允许的。被毛似羊毛状，软绸样被毛和平滑被毛都是非典型犬种，在展示比赛当中将会处于极其不利的地位。
拉布拉多猎犬的颜色
拉布拉多猎犬的被毛颜色是黑色、黄色和巧克力色。任何其他颜色或混合色都是不符合标准的。在胸部有一个小白点是允许的，但是不受欢迎。因年龄出现的白毛发或有伤疤但不会被误解为有斑纹的是允许的。黑色必须是单一黑色。一个带有斑纹的黑色或一个带有黄褐色斑的黑色都是不符合标准的；黄颜色可以有一个颜色范围，从淡红到淡奶油色。颜色变化部分一般在犬的双耳、背部和体下部。巧克力颜色变化可以从浅巧克力色到深巧克力色。带有斑纹或黄褐色的巧克力色是不符合标准的。
拉布拉多猎犬的运动
拉布拉多猎犬的运动是自由的和不费力气的。正面观察犬向前运动时，应没有肘部外展的迹象。在一定程度上。肘部抬起几乎碰到犬体，而两肢不能紧贴在一起。直线向前移动时，如无速度或不迂回行进，四肢形成直线，所有部分在同一平面移动。从后面观察犬，你会有这样一种感觉，后肢移动与前肢尽可能在一平行线上。附关节在运动时参与每一个步骤，屈曲灵活，给人一种充满力量的感觉。当从旁边观察犬的运动时，双肩呈现自由和不费力的移动，前肢向前伸展接触地面。一个短的、向前急冲的运动或一个高抬膝的活动都暗示出一个直肩；涉水样运动暗示长的、软弱的系部；一个短的、踏台阶式的步态暗示一个直的后部结构，所有这些都是严重的缺陷。运动缺陷与展示表演相冲突，包括迂回前进、半边迂回前进、过度交叉；高抬膝动作，涉水样运动和短的、踏台阶式运动，都将在展示比赛中处于极不利的地位。
拉布拉多猎犬的性情
纯种拉布拉多猎犬的性情就像它的“水獭”似的尾巴一样具有特征。理想的性情表现出和善、友好、驯良的本性。渴望赞赏或对人或动物不会无缘无故的攻击。拉布拉多猎犬对人有许多吸引力，它的文雅行为、聪明和适应力使它成为理想的犬种。对人或其他动物无故攻击或出现任何害羞的表现，都将会在展示比赛中处于不利的地位。
失格条件：
1．任何偏离标准要求的高度。
2．完全粉红的鼻子或缺乏色素沉着的鼻子。
3．眼边缘无色素沉着。
4．剪短或其他方法改变尾巴的长度或自然不符合标准的尾巴。
5．除了作为标准要求的黑色、黄色和巧克力色以外的任何其他颜色或混合颜色。
1994年2月12日批准
1994年3月31日生效
[以下为拉布拉多猎犬(Labrador Retriever)AKC标准原版]
General Appearance
The Labrador Retriever is a strongly built, medium-sized, short-coupled, dog possessing a sound, athletic, well-balanced conformation that enables it to function as a retrieving gun dog; the substance and soundness to hunt waterfowl or upland game for long hours under difficult conditions; the character and quality to win in the show ring; and the temperament to be a family companion. Physical features and mental characteristics should denote a dog bred to perform as an efficient Retriever of game with a stable temperament suitable for a variety of pursuits beyond the hunting environment.
The most distinguishing characteristics of the Labrador Retriever are its short, dense, weather resistant coat; an "otter" tail; a clean-cut head with broad back skull and moderate stop; powerful jaws; and its "kind," friendly eyes, expressing character, intelligence and good temperament.
Above all, a Labrador Retriever must be well balanced, enabling it to move in the show ring or work in the field with little or no effort. The typical Labrador possesses style and quality without over refinement, and substance without lumber or cloddiness. The Labrador is bred primarily as a working gun dog; structure and soundness are of great importance.
Size, Proportion and Substance
Size--The height at the withers for a dog is 22½ to 24½ inches; for a bitch is 21½ to 23½ inches. Any variance greater than ½ inch above or below these heights is a disqualification. Approximate weight of dogs and bitches in working condition: dogs 65 to 80 pounds; bitches 55 to 70 pounds.
The minimum height ranges set forth in the paragraph above shall not apply to dogs or bitches under twelve months of age.
Proportion--Short-coupled; length from the point of the shoulder to the point of the rump is equal to or slightly longer than the distance from the withers to the ground. Distance from the elbow to the ground should be equal to one half of the height at the withers. The brisket should extend to the elbows, but not perceptibly deeper. The body must be of sufficient length to permit a straight, free and efficient stride; but the dog should never appear low and long or tall and leggy in outline. Substance--Substance and bone proportionate to the overall dog. Light, "weedy" individuals are definitely incorrect; equally objectionable are cloddy lumbering specimens. Labrador Retrievers shall be shown in working condition well-muscled and without excess fat.
Head
Skull--The skull should be wide; well developed but without exaggeration. The skull and foreface should be on parallel planes and of approximately equal length. There should be a moderate stop--the brow slightly pronounced so that the skull is not absolutely in a straight line with the nose. The brow ridges aid in defining the stop. The head should be clean-cut and free from fleshy cheeks; the bony structure of the skull chiseled beneath the eye with no prominence in the cheek. The skull may show some median line; the occipital bone is not conspicuous in mature dogs. Lips should not be squared off or pendulous, but fall away in a curve toward the throat. A wedge-shape head, or a head long and narrow in muzzle and back skull is incorrect as are massive, cheeky heads. The jaws are powerful and free from snippiness-- the muzzle neither long and narrow nor short and stubby. Nose-- The nose should be wide and the nostrils well-developed. The nose should be black on black or yellow dogs, and brown on chocolates. Nose color fading to a lighter shade is not a fault. A thoroughly pink nose or one lacking in any pigment is a disqualification. Teeth--The teeth should be strong and regular with a scissors bite; the lower teeth just behind, but touching the inner side of the upper incisors. A level bite is acceptable, but not desirable. Undershot, overshot, or misaligned teeth are serious faults. Full dentition is preferred. Missing molars or pre-molars are serious faults. Ears--The ears should hang moderately close to the head, set rather far back, and somewhat low on the skull; slightly above eye level. Ears should not be large and heavy, but in proportion with the skull and reach to the inside of the eye when pulled forward. Eyes--Kind, friendly eyes imparting good temperament, intelligence and alertness are a hallmark of the breed. They should be of medium size, set well apart, and neither protruding nor deep set. Eye color should be brown in black and yellow Labradors, and brown or hazel in chocolates. Black, or yellow eyes give a harsh expression and are undesirable. Small eyes, set close together or round prominent eyes are not typical of the breed. Eye rims are black in black and yellow Labradors; and brown in chocolates. Eye rims without pigmentation is a disqualification.
Neck, Topline and Body
Neck--The neck should be of proper length to allow the dog to retrieve game easily. It should be muscular and free from throatiness. The neck should rise strongly from the shoulders with a moderate arch. A short, thick neck or a "ewe" neck is incorrect. Topline--The back is strong and the topline is level from the withers to the croup when standing or moving. However, the loin should show evidence of flexibility for athletic endeavor. Body--The Labrador should be short-coupled, with good spring of ribs tapering to a moderately wide chest. The Labrador should not be narrow chested; giving the appearance of hollowness between the front legs, nor should it have a wide spreading, bulldog-like front. Correct chest conformation will result in tapering between the front legs that allows unrestricted forelimb movement. Chest breadth that is either too wide or too narrow for efficient movement and stamina is incorrect. Slab-sided individuals are not typical of the breed; equally objectionable are rotund or barrel chested specimens. The underline is almost straight, with little or no tuck-up in mature animals. Loins should be short, wide and strong; extending to well developed, powerful hindquarters. When viewed from the side, the Labrador Retriever shows a well-developed, but not exaggerated forechest. Tail--The tail is a distinguishing feature of the breed. It should be very thick at the base, gradually tapering toward the tip, of medium length, and extending no longer than to the hock. The tail should be free from feathering and clothed thickly all around with the Labrador's short, dense coat, thus having that peculiar rounded appearance that has been described as the "otter" tail. The tail should follow the topline in repose or when in motion. It may be carried gaily, but should not curl over the back. Extremely short tails or long thin tails are serious faults. The tail completes the balance of the Labrador by giving it a flowing line from the top of the head to the tip of the tail. Docking or otherwise altering the length or natural carriage of the tail is a disqualification.
Forequarters
Forequarters should be muscular, well coordinated and balanced with the hindquarters. Shoulders--The shoulders are well laid-back, long and sloping, forming an angle with the upper arm of approximately 90 degrees that permits the dog to move his forelegs in an easy manner with strong forward reach. Ideally, the length of the shoulder blade should equal the length of the upper arm. Straight shoulder blades, short upper arms or heavily muscled or loaded shoulders, all restricting free movement, are incorrect. Front Legs--When viewed from the front, the legs should be straight with good strong bone. Too much bone is as undesirable as too little bone, and short legged, heavy boned individuals are not typical of the breed. Viewed from the side, the elbows should be directly under the withers, and the front legs should be perpendicular to the ground and well under the body. The elbows should be close to the ribs without looseness. Tied-in elbows or being "out at the elbows" interfere with free movement and are serious faults. Pasterns should be strong and short and should slope slightly from the perpendicular line of the leg. Feet are strong and compact, with well-arched toes and well-developed pads. Dew claws may be removed. Splayed feet, hare feet, knuckling over, or feet turning in or out are serious faults.
Hindquarters
The Labrador's hindquarters are broad, muscular and well-developed from the hip to the hock with well-turned stifles and strong short hocks. Viewed from the rear, the hind legs are straight and parallel. Viewed from the side, the angulation of the rear legs is in balance with the front. The hind legs are strongly boned, muscled with moderate angulation at the stifle, and powerful, clearly defined thighs. The stifle is strong and there is no slippage of the patellae while in motion or when standing. The hock joints are strong, well let down and do not slip or hyper-extend while in motion or when standing. Angulation of both stifle and hock joint is such as to achieve the optimal balance of drive and traction. When standing the rear toes are only slightly behind the point of the rump. Over angulation produces a sloping topline not typical of the breed. Feet are strong and compact, with well-arched toes and well-developed pads. Cow-hocks, spread hocks, sickle hocks and over-angulation are serious structural defects and are to be faulted.
Coat
The coat is a distinctive feature of the Labrador Retriever. It should be short, straight and very dense, giving a fairly hard feeling to the hand. The Labrador should have a soft, weather-resistant undercoat that provides protection from water, cold and all types of ground cover. A slight wave down the back is permissible. Woolly coats, soft silky coats, and sparse slick coats are not typical of the breed, and should be severely penalized.
Color
The Labrador Retriever coat colors are black, yellow and chocolate. Any other color or a combination of colors is a disqualification. A small white spot on the chest is permissible, but not desirable. White hairs from aging or scarring are not to be misinterpreted as brindling. Black--Blacks are all black. A black with brindle markings or a black with tan markings is a disqualification. Yellow--Yellows may range in color from fox-red to light cream, with variations in shading on the ears, back, and underparts of the dog. Chocolate--Chocolates can vary in shade from light to dark chocolate. Chocolate with brindle or tan markings is a disqualification.
Movement
Movement of the Labrador Retriever should be free and effortless. When watching a dog move toward oneself, there should be no sign of elbows out. Rather, the elbows should be held neatly to the body with the legs not too close together. Moving straight forward without pacing or weaving, the legs should form straight lines, with all parts moving in the same plane. Upon viewing the dog from the rear, one should have the impression that the hind legs move as nearly as possible in a parallel line with the front legs. The hocks should do their full share of the work, flexing well, giving the appearance of power and strength. When viewed from the side, the shoulders should move freely and effortlessly, and the foreleg should reach forward close to the ground with extension. A short, choppy movement or high knee action indicates a straight shoulder; paddling indicates long, weak pasterns; and a short, stilted rear gait indicates a straight rear assembly; all are serious faults. Movement faults interfering with performance including weaving; side-winding; crossing over; high knee action; paddling; and short, choppy movement, should be severely penalized.
Temperament
True Labrador Retriever temperament is as much a hallmark of the breed as the "otter" tail. The ideal disposition is one of a kindly, outgoing, tractable nature; eager to please and non-aggressive towards man or animal. The Labrador has much that appeals to people; his gentle ways, intelligence and adaptability make him an ideal dog. Aggressiveness towards humans or other animals, or any evidence of shyness in an adult should be severely penalized.
Disqualifications
1. Any deviation from the height prescribed in the Standard.
2. A thoroughly pink nose or one lacking in any pigment.
3. Eye rims without pigment.
4. Docking or otherwise altering the length or natural carriage of the tail.
5. Any other color or a combination of colors other than black, yellow or chocolate as described in the Standard.
Approved February 12, 1994
Effective March 31, 1994
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